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Rules of thumb for chemical engineers / Stephen M. Hall
| データ種別 | 電子ブック |
|---|---|
| 著者標目 | *Hall, Stephen author |
| 出版者 | (Amsterdam ; Cambridge, MA : Elsevier) |
| 出版年 | [2018] |
書誌詳細を非表示
| 版 | Sixth edition. |
|---|---|
| 巻次 | ISBN:9780128110386 ISBN:0128110384 ISBN:9780128110379 ISBN:0128110376 |
| 大きさ | 1 online resource |
| 内容注記 | Safety Introduction Process Safety Management (PSM) Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) Safe Design Practices Emergency Vent Systems Fire Outside the Vessel Runaway Reaction Blocked-In Line Flash Point of Binary Mixtures Deflagration Prevention or Control Prevent Backflow Equipment Purging Dilution Purging Displacement Purging Pressure-Cycle Purging Evacuation-Replacement Purging Electrical Area Classification Causes for Loss of Containment Dust Explosion Hazards References Further Reading Process Evaluation Introduction Accuracy of Cost Estimates Definition of Scope Treatment of Uncertainty and Contingency User Requirements Block Diagrams Process Flow Diagrams (PFDs) Basis of Design (BOD) Block-Sequential Diagrams Piping & Instrumentation Diagrams (P & IDs) Factory Assembled Skids and Modules Data Sheets and Specifications Capital Cost Estimates Organization of a Cost Estimate Example of a Screening Estimate for a Refinery Engineering Reference Process Modeling Introduction Concepts and Terminology Equipment Design Mass and Energy Transfer Flow Sheet Simulation Flow Sheet Simulation Discrete Process Simulation General Purpose Simulation Environments Software List References Fluid Flow Introduction Data Required Design Documents Material and Energy Balance Physical Properties of the Materials General Procedure Recommended Velocity Compressible Flow of a Gas Oil/Gas Mixtures Check Valves Equivalent Length Shortcut Equation for Pressure Drop Due to Friction Reynolds Number Friction Factor Surface Roughness Incompressible Flow Compressible Flow Compressible Flow Weymouth Equation Panhandle A Equation Panhandle B Equation Compressible Flow Visual Basic Subroutines for Pressure Drop Due to Friction Reynolds Number Darcy Friction Factor Pressure Drop Due to Friction Orifices Incompressible Flow (Liquids) Compressible Flow (Gases) Control Valves Water Hammer Partially Full Horizontal Pipes Two-Phase Flow Lockhart-Martinelli Homogeneous Model Split Bounds Model Asymptotic Model Comparison of the Two-Phase Models References Further Reading Vessels Introduction Cost Considerations Safety Considerations General Rules of Thumb for Vessels Atmospheric Storage Tanks Pressure Vessels and Reactors Tank Dimensions Liquid Volume at Any Fill Height Time to Drain a Tank Emissions From Storage Tanks Load Cells Liquid-Liquid Separators Vapor-Liquid Separators Liquid Surge Volume Vapor Velocity in the Disengagement Section Vapor-Liquid Separator Size Vertical Separator Horizontal Separator Horizontal Drum With Water Separation Vessel Specifications Good Engineering Practices for Storage Tank and Vent Relief Design References Further Reading Blending and Agitation Introduction Safety Considerations Basics Impeller Types Dimensional Analysis Reynolds Number and Turbulence Pumping Number Power and Power Number Blending Newtonian Fluids in Turbulent or Transitional Flow Shear-Thinning Fluids Laminar Flow Regime Solids Suspension Terminal Settling Velocity Scale of Agitation Number and Location of Impellers Impeller Speed and Agitator Power Gas Dispersion In-Line Mixers High-Shear Mixers Mixing Solids Mechanical Design Torque Shaft Diameter Impeller Weight Critical Speed References Further Reading Pumps Introduction Safety Considerations Pump Types and Selection Centrifugal Pumps Positive Displacement Pumps Pump Specification Checklist Good Design Practice Pump Testing System Curves Sensitivity Operating Point-and-Pump Selection Flow Control With Throttling Valve Control Valve Charting Control Characteristics Flow Control by Changing the Pump Speed Affinity Laws Power Minimum Flow Temperature Rise Suction System NPSH Available Suction System NPSH for Studies Multiple Centrifugal Pumps in Parallel or Series References Further Reading Fans, Blowers, and Compressors Introduction Safety Considerations Rules of Thumb Rules of Thumb (Compressors) Good Engineering Practice Compressed Air Systems Fans Fan Noise Blower Types Compressor Types Surge Control Performance Calculations Definitions Affinity Laws Power Power Power Comparison With Manufacturer's Data Power With P-E Diagram Cost of Compressed Air Receiver Volume Time to Pump System to Pressure References Further Reading Vacuum Systems Introduction Safety Considerations Vacuum Units Conversion Between Mass Flow, Actual Volume Flow, and Standard Volume Flow Comparison of Vacuum Equipment Vacuum Jets Liquid-Ring Vacuum Pumps Correcting for Seal Liquid Temperature and Composition Dry Vacuum Pumps Typical Jet Systems Steam Supply Measuring Air Leakage Time to Evacuate Instrumentation and Controls References Further Reading Pneumatic Conveying Introduction Safety Considerations Flow Regimes Types of Systems System Design Procedure Saltation Velocity Pressure Drop Pressure Drop of Carrier Gas Acceleration of Solids Friction of Solids in Straight Pipe Friction of Solids in Elbows Lifting of Solids Through Vertical Sections Miscellaneous Factors Prime Movers Feed Systems Silos Conveyor Piping Disengagement References Filtration Introduction Basket Strainers Cartridge Filters Vacuum Drum Filters Filter Presses Membrane Filters References Heat Exchangers Introduction Safety Considerations TEMA Selection Guides Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers Plate-and-Frame Heat Exchangers Spiral Heat Exchangers Helical Coil Heat Exchangers Design Recommendations Process Data Heat Exchanger Configuration and Area Determining the LMTD Configuration Correction Factor Tube Side Pressure Drop Tube Side Film Coefficient Shell Diameter Ideal Shell Side Film Coefficient Shell Side Film Coefficient Correction Factors Baffle Cut and Spacing, Jc Baffle Leakage Effects, Jl Bundle and Partition Bypass Effects, Jb Variations in Baffle Spacing, Js Temperature Gradient for Laminar Flow Regime, Jr Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Shell Side Pressure Drop Heat Transfer Coefficients Fouling Resistances Installation Recommendations Thermal Conductivity of Metals Vacuum Condensers Air-cooled Heat Exchangers: Forced vs Induced Draft Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers: Air Data Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers: Thermal Design Air-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient Air-cooled Heat Exchangers: Pressure Drop, Air Side Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers: Temperature Control References Further Reading Closed-Loop Heat Transfer Systems Introduction Safety Considerations Selecting the Heat Transfer Fluid Types of Heat Transfer Fluids Heat Transfer Coefficient System Design Temperature Control Case 1: Single-Temperature Central System Case 2: Dual-Temperature Central System Case 3: Three-Temperature Central System Physical Properties of Commercial Heat Transfer Fluids References Fractionators Introduction Safety Considerations Separation Factor Relative Volatility Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) Activity Coefficients Sources for Activity Coefficients Establishing the Column Pressure Minimum Reflux Bubble Point Liquid Feed Dew Point Vapor Feed Minimum Reflux Minimum Stages Relationship of Theoretical Stages to Reflux Ratio Feed Location Reflux-to-Feed Ratio Actual Trays Graphical Methods Plotting With Murphree Tray Efficiency Tray Efficiency Rules of Thumb Using the McCabe-Thiele Plot Column Internals Column Tray Spacing Tower Diameter Pressure Drop Control Schemes Flow Column Pressure Level in the Overhead Receiver Level in the Bottom of the Tower Composition Control Constraints Reboilers Packed Columns References Further Reading Absorbers Introduction Safety Considerations Hydrocarbon Absorber Design Inorganic Absorbers Packing Height for Mass Transfer in Packed Columns Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient References Further Reading Controls Introduction Basic Nomenclature Definitions of Control Modes Proportional Control Integral (Reset) Control Derivative Control Cascade Control Specifying Instruments to Measure Values Control Ranges Drawing Conventions Artistic Expression Safety Instrumented Systems Enclosures: NEMA and IP References Further Reading Biopharmaceutical Systems Introduction Facility Design and Sterilization Best Practices General Design Considerations System Design Considerations CIP System Design Considerations Sterilize (or Sanitize)-in Place (SIP) System Design Considerations Disposable Systems Disposable System Economic Evaluation Disposable System Environmental Life Cycle Assessment Open or Closed? Contamination Root Causes Design and Sterile Boundary Faults Equipment Faults Human Error (Procedures, Execution) Contamination Investigation and Recovery Time Is of the Essence Go for Data Widen the Search Get Hands-On Time to Open Up Experimental Microbiology Investigation Risk Assessment Validation References Further Reading Bioprocessing Introduction Bioreactor Systems Typical Geometric and Engineering Parameters Bioreactor Controllers Clean Gas Supply to Bioreactors Oxygen Transfer Heat Transfer pH Control Downstream Processes Chromatography Purification Buffer Prep Liquid Waste Inactivation References Energy Conservation Introduction Calculating Steam Cost Steam System Rules of Thumb Equivalent Cost of Fuels Steam Traps Energy Efficient Design for Fractionators Pinch Analysis Insulation References Drivers Introduction Electric Motors Motor Voltages Motors: Efficiency Motors: Starter Sizes Motors: Useful Equations Motors: Overloading Air-Driven Motors Hydraulic Motors Steam Turbines: Steam Rate Steam Turbines: Efficiency Gas Turbines: Performance Internal Combustion Engines: Fuel Rates Gas Expanders: Available Energy References Boilers Introduction Boiler Horsepower Types of Packaged Boilers Power Plants Controls Thermal Efficiency Stack Gas Enthalpy Steam Drum Stability Deaerator Venting Water Alkalinity Source Water Impurities Conductivity Versus Dissolved Solids Silica in Steam Caustic Embrittlement Waste Heat Boiler Feedwater Blowdown Control Best Practices References Further Reading Cooling Towers Introduction Safety Considerations Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers Material and Energy Balance Calculations Rating Nomenclature Performance Calculations Operations and Accessories Water Quality Guidelines Scale Prevention References Refrigeration Introduction Specifications Indirect and Direct System Design Horsepower Per Ton Refrigerants Refrigerant Containment Steam Jet Ejectors Ammonia Absorption Utilities Requirements Ammonia Heat Transfer Coefficient References Reliability Introduction Initial Design Risk Analysis Sustainable Practices References Further Reading Metallurgy Introduction Cost Comparison Embodied Energy Embrittlement Stress-Corrosion Cracking Hydrogen Attack Pitting Corrosion Creep and Creep-Rupture Life Naphthenic Acid Corrosion Thermal Fatigue Abrasive Wear Pipeline Toughness Common Corrosion Mistakes References Further Reading Troubleshooting Introduction General Troubleshooting Approach Diagnostic Tools Instruments Control Valves (Process Control) Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers Plate-and-Frame Heat Exchangers (PHEs) Fractionation Towers Fractionation Case Histories Pinch Key Components Profiles Troubleshooting Technique Cutting Corners Trapped Water Cocurrent Foaming Stacking Packing Tray Supports Boilup Control Condenser Velocity Blind Blind Temperature Control of Both Ends Nozzle Bottleneck Hatless Riser Tilted Distributor Hammer Aeration Siphoning Hot-Vapor Rules Bypassed Trapped Centrifugal Pumps Compressors Steam Jet Vacuum Systems Refrigeration References Further Reading Startup Introduction Startup Management Change Control During Startup Startup Cost Systems Approach Construction Quality Startup Checklists Operating Modes Normal Startup Normal Operation Normal Shutdown Emergency Shutdown Prolonged Shutdown References Conversion Factors and Constants Significant Figures and Rounding Gas Constant Standard Gas Volume Atmospheric Pressure Irrigation Conversion References Properties Introduction Approximate Physical Properties Vapor-Pressure Equation Liquid Viscosity Dynamic (or Absolute) Viscosity Kinematic Viscosity Viscosity of Mixtures Emulsions Saybolt Universal Seconds Relative Humidity Nomenclature Surface Tension Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam Gas Diffusion Coefficients Bulk Modulus Water and Hydrocarbons Water in Natural Gas Hydrocarbons in Water Methanol Injection Compressibility Factor Inorganic Gases in Petroleum Foam Density Equivalent Diameter Estimating Equivalent Diameter of Solids Properties Data Sheet References Further Reading |
| 一般注記 | Includes bibliographical references and index Online resource; title from PDF title page (EBSCO, viewed November 1, 2017) Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers, Sixth Edition, is the most complete guide for chemical and process engineers who need reliable and authoritative solutions to on-the-job problems. The text is comprehensively revised and updated with new data and formulas. The book helps solve process design problems quickly, accurately and safely, with hundreds of common sense techniques, shortcuts and calculations. Its concise sections detail the steps needed to answer critical design questions and challenges. The book discusses physical properties for proprietary materials, pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical sector heuristics, process design, closed-loop heat transfer systems, heat exchangers, packed columns and structured packings. This book will help you: save time you no longer have to spend on theory or derivations; improve accuracy by exploiting well tested and accepted methods culled from industry experts; and save money by reducing reliance on consultants. The book brings together solutions, information and work-arounds from engineers in the process industry Elsevier ScienceDirect All Books HTTP:URL=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780128110379 |
| 件 名 | LCSH:Chemical engineering -- Handbooks, manuals, etc
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| 分 類 | LCC:TP151 DC23:660 |
| 書誌ID | OB00007512 |
| ISBN | 9780128110386 |